Ideally, a board should make a significant contribution to the organization, either by increasing resources, increasing efficiency of operations, or increasing results. But too many boards get in the way and become a net negative for the organization. They take up staff time for preparing and reporting and sometimes hold up important decisions. Board meetings also cost money, especially if the organization is reimbursing board members for travel expenses and paying for group meals. Managing boards are opening the black box and trying to make things better. Governing boards are over the box, watching resources coming in and results being produced, then asking how it all can be improved. Navigating boards are stepping in and making major changes to increase relevance and improve future productivity.